After a little exploration of Belgium we now arrive in South America to the country of Chile!!!
First, a little history of Chile by: thisischile.cl
"The history of Chile is generally divided in twelve periods, the first of which begins with the initial inhabitants of the territory that today forms this vast country.
The pre-hispanic rts corresponds to the history of different American-Indian groups present in the territory from around the year 14 800 BC until the arrival of the Spanish colonists. European exploration of the continent began in 1492. Fernando Magallanes and his expedition were the first Europeans to arrive in Chile, traversing the narrow southern strait that today bears his name in 1520. In 1536, Diego de Almagro headed an expedition to the Valle de Aconcagua and explored the area which is now the north of the country.
The period of independence began with the overthrow of the Spanish governor in 1810 and finished with the exile of the liberating republican leader Bernardo O’Higgins in 1823. These years were marked both by governing problems of the newly independent leaders and their numerous battles against those loyal to the Spanish crown who briefly regained control of the territory before ultimately being defeated. Once independence was definitevly achieved, a period of organization of the Chilean state followed between 1823 and 1830. This era witnessed three different governments and two constitutions.
The period between 1831 and 1861 is known as the conservative Republican era. This epoch was marked by the enactment of the 1833 Constitution, established by Diego Portales and his strong, centralist government. Despite several attempts at subversion, institutional stability was maintained and the country developed a prosperous economy.
The liberal Republic period followed, spanning three decades from 1861 until 1981 and characterized by greater political stability and an extension of territory to both the north and south.
The civil war of 1891 led to the formation of a parliamentary republic which would continue until the creation of the 1925 Constitution. During this time Congress dominated politics and the president became a largely symbolic figure, essentially devoid of power. The country urbanized rapidly in these years and the first workers’ unions were created.
The subsequent presidential republic began with the 1825 constitution and continued until the 1973 military coup. During this period, three parties dominated politics: The radicals, the christian democrats and the socialists. Numerous public companies were created in this period, an era ultimately witnessed the triumph of left wing ideas and the success of the socialist party in elections.
Following the coup of September 11, 1973 which overthrew democratically elected President Salvador Allende, a dictatorial military regime led by Gen Augusto Pinochet ruled the country. Tens of thousands of political opponents were arrested, tortured or killed, including several assassinations outside of the country, while many more were expelled or condemned to exile. With the help of the Chicago Boys, Pinochet ushered in a policy of liberal economic doctrine and a new constitution was adopted in 1980.
Finally, the transition to democracy began in 1990 with the inauguration of President Patricio Aylwin. In 2006, Michelle Bachelet became the first woman to occupy the highest office of the country. Then, in 2010, Sebastián Piñera became the first democratically elected right-leaning president since 1958. After this, Michelle Bachelet returned to presidency in 2014."
Image Source: wikimedia.org
Top 50 Non-Chile countries or places of birth *
With the exception of Easter Island/Rapa Nui/Isla de Pascua -- added here to show where it would rank.
Chile 2017
1 Venezuela, Bolivarian Republic of 85,461
2 Haïti 64,567
3 Spain (España) 17,614
4 Brasil 16,491
5 United States of America 13,892
6 Dominican Republic (República Dominicana) 12,073
7 China, People's Republic of 9,599
8 Cuba 6,894
9 Germany (Deutschland) 6,725
10 México (Estados Unidos Mexicanos) 6,524
11 France 6,278
12 Uruguay, Eastern Republic of 5,625
13 Paraguay (Paraguáype) 4,681
14 Italy (Italia) 4,465
15 United Kingdom 3,098
16 Canada 2,288
17 India (Bhārat) 1,767
18 Australia 1,664
19 Switzerland (Swiss Confederation) 1,489
20 Sweden 1,435
21 Philippines (Pilipinas), Republic of the 1,429
22 Belgium, Kingdom of 1,246
23 Korea, Republic of (South) 1,232
24 Russian Federation (Russia) 1,157
25 Japan 1,145
26 Rapa Nui (Isla de Pascua/Easter Island), Chile 1,062
27 El Salvador 1,007
28 Netherlands (Nederland) 1,004
29 Costa Rica 981
30 Taiwan 886
31 Panamá 874
32 Honduras 705
33 Portugal 698
34 Israel (Yisra'el) 693
35 Palestinian Territories (Gaza Strip and West Bank) 657
36 Pakistan 653
37 Guatemala 651
38 Syrian Arab Republic (Syria) 557
39 Austria (Österreich) 549
40 Nicaragua 505
41 Norway (Norge) 494
42 Poland (Polska) 464
43 Turkey (Türkiye) 459
44 New Zealand (Aotearoa) 448
45 South Africa, Republic of 447
46 Romania (România) 423
47 Puerto Rico 409
48 Ukraine 407
49 Denmark (Danmark) 331
50 Croatia (Hrvatska) 294
Total Foreign-born: 304,620
Total Population: 17,256 428
Source: INE Chile, Censo 2017
*Chile has a rapid growing population of Haitians, most of which started out in Brazil before migrating on to Chile.
This excerpt from the Miami Herald in 2016:
"Brazil grants 2,000 visas a month to Haitians seeking to relocate. Even with the economic downturn, Brazil remains open to Haitians, though many are leaving.
“If we decide to receive them in Brazil, it’s not up to us to tell them, ‘Look don't go to Brazil because conditions are not ideal.’ We cannot say that. It’s up to them to decide,” Fernando Vidal, Brazil’s ambassador to Haiti, recently told McClatchy in Haiti.
“About 35 percent have left, many are still leaving and many are preparing,” said Fedo Bacourt, a Haitian immigrant and history professor who founded the Social Union of Haitian Immigrants (USIH), a group in Sao Paulo that provides social services to immigrants across Brazil. “Life here is very, very hard. … You can count on your hands the number of migrants who are working.”
Many Haitians, lacking solid Portuguese and unaccustomed to Brazil’s ways, fall prey to predatory employers, said Bacourt, including some who engage in what Brazilian law calls “conditions analogous to slavery.” These Haitian workers aren’t paid, or they’re fed and housed but charged more than they earn.
Haitians are leaving Brazil for places that might offer new opportunities. Many try Chile. Others make the longer journey to Costa Rica.
Valéry Numa, a Haitian journalist and radio personality who premiered his documentary Destination Brésil — or Destination Brazil — to a packed audience in August in the Haitian capital of Port-au-Prince said he didn’t fully understand the level of suffering in Brazil until he visited for his documentary.
“It was a shock for me when I realized that there were Haitians who were sleeping underneath bridges,” he said. “Another shock was the realization that there were Haitians who have been in Brazil for three years and not working. They aren’t doing anything to make ends meet. They survive at the mercy of churches.”
Between 2014 and 2015, some 40,000 Haitians left Brazil for Chile, Numa estimates, but Chile is simply another step, “a place for them to do some kind of standby to [eventually] enter the United States.”
Read more here:
https://www.miamiherald.com/news/nat...#storylink=cpy
...and now we take a little tour of Chile's largest city and capital...
Image Source: nationalgeographic.com
Top 50 Non-Chile countries or places of birth
Santiago, Chile 2017
1 Venezuela, Bolivarian Republic of 68,430
2 Haïti 45,838
3 Spain (España) 10,426
4 Brasil 9,940
5 Dominican Republic (República Dominicana) 8,626
6 United States of America 7,867
7 China, People's Republic of 5,704
8 Cuba 4,223
9 France 3,774
10 México (Estados Unidos Mexicanos) 3,675
11 Germany (Deutschland) 3,357
12 Uruguay, Eastern Republic of 3,311
13 Italy (Italia) 2,556
14 United Kingdom 1,818
15 Paraguay (Paraguáype) 1,745
16 Canada 1,103
17 Korea, Republic of (South) 987
18 Australia 970
19 India (Bhārat) 888
20 Japan 796
21 Belgium, Kingdom of 701
22 Russian Federation (Russia) 651
23 El Salvador 648
24 Switzerland (Swiss Confederation) 636
25 Costa Rica 616
26 Taiwan 559
27 Panamá 553
28 Sweden 544
29 Netherlands (Nederland) 508
30 Philippines (Pilipinas), Republic of the 460
31 Israel (Yisra'el) 457
32 Palestinian Territories (Gaza Strip and West Bank) 425
33 Guatemala 390
34 Portugal 386
35 Honduras 356
36 Austria (Österreich) 291
37 Poland (Polska) 286
38 Nicaragua 273
39 Turkey (Türkiye) 268
40 Syrian Arab Republic (Syria) 242
41 South Africa, Republic of 232
42 Romania (România) 221
43 New Zealand (Aotearoa) 194
44 Puerto Rico 189
45 Ukraine 187
46 Hungary (Magyarország) 177
47 Pakistan 157
48 Denmark (Danmark) 151
49 Norway (Norge) 151
50 Finland (Suomi) 141
Total Foreign-born: 202,906
Metropolitan Area Population: 5,160,431
Before we move on let's take a look at Chile's first peoples!
Image Source: wikimedia.org
Image Source: radio.uchile.cl
Largest aboriginal groups in Chile
Chile 2012
1 Mapuche 1,508,722
2 Aymara 114,523
3 Diaguita 45,314
4 Kolla/Colla 13,678
5 Quechua 13,667
6 Rapa Nui 8,406
7 Likan Antay (Atacameño) 6,101
8 Kawéskar 1,784
9 Yagán o Yámana 1,235
Total Indigenous (Indian) Chilean Population: 1,842,607
Source: Chile Census 2012
Speaking of Brazil earlier...we are going to make it our last stop for tonight!
It's a bit difficult to find recent statistics in regards to detailed foreign born information especially when it comes to it's metro areas -- I remember finding some years ago but haven't seen any that were similar since. Anyhow, immigration is finally starting to increase in Brazil for the first time in many years and they are coming from many countries from around the world like Senegal, South Korea, India, Syria, Philippines, the Congo and Nigeria not just neighboring countries.
...but first a little history of this very large country as brought to you by: nytimes.com
"Colonial Days
Brazil was officially "discovered" in 1500, when a fleet commanded by Portuguese diplomat Pedro Álvares Cabral, on its way to India, landed in Porto Seguro, between Salvador and Rio de Janeiro. (There is, however, strong evidence that other Portuguese adventurers preceded him. Duarte Pacheco Pereira, in his book De Situ Orbis, tells of being in Brazil in 1498, sent by King Manuel of Portugal.)
Brazil's first colonizers were met by Tupinamba Indians, one group in the vast array of the continent's native population. Lisbon's early goals were simple: monopolize the lucrative trade of pau-brasil, the red wood (valued for making dye) that gave the colony its name, and establish permanent settlements. There's evidence that the Indians and Portuguese initially worked together to harvest trees. Later, the need to head farther inland to find forested areas made the pau-brasil trade less desirable. The interest in establishing plantations on cleared lands increased and so did the need for laborers. The Portuguese tried to enslave Indians, but, unaccustomed to toiling long hours in fields and overcome by European diseases, many natives either fled far inland or died. (When Cabral arrived, the indigenous population was believed to have been more than 3 million; today the number is scarcely more than 200,000.) The Portuguese then turned to the African slave trade for their workforce.
Although most settlers preferred the coastal areas (a preference that continues to this day), a few ventured into the hinterlands. Among them were Jesuit missionaries, determined men who marched inland in search of Indian souls to "save," and the infamous bandeirantes (flag bearers), tough men who marched inland in search of Indians to enslave. (Later they hunted escaped Indian and African slaves.)
For two centuries after Cabral's discovery, the Portuguese had to periodically deal with foreign powers with designs on Brazil's resources. Although Portugal and Spain had the 1494 Treaty of Tordesillas -- which set boundaries for each country in their newly discovered lands -- the guidelines were vague, causing the occasional territory dispute. Further, England, France, and Holland didn't fully recognize the treaty, which was made by Papal decree, and were aggressively seeking new lands in pirate-ridden seas. Such competition made the Lusitanian foothold in the New World tenuous at times.
The new territory faced internal as well as external challenges. Initially, the Portuguese Crown couldn't establish a strong central government in the subcontinent. For much of the colonial period, it relied on "captains," low ranking nobles and merchants who were granted authority over captaincies, slices of land often as big as their motherland. By 1549 it was evident that most of the captaincies were failing. Portugal's monarch dispatched a governor-general (who arrived with soldiers, priests, and craftspeople) to oversee them and to establish a capital (today's Salvador) in the central captaincy of Bahia.
At the end of the 17th century, the news that fabulous veins of emeralds, diamonds, and gold had been found in Minas Gerais exploded in Lisbon. The region began to export 30,000 pounds of gold a year to Portugal. Bandeirantes and other fortune hunters rushed in from all over, and boat loads of carpenters, stonemasons, sculptors, and painters came from Europe to build cities in the Brazilian wilderness.
In 1763, the capital was moved to Rio de Janeiro for a variety of political and administrative reasons. The country had successfully staved off invasions by other European nations and it had roughly taken its current shape. It added cotton and tobacco to sugar, gold, and diamonds on its list of exports. As the interior opened so did the opportunities for cattle ranching. Still, Portugal's policies tended toward stripping Brazil of its resources rather than developing a truly local economy. The arrival of the royal family, who were chased out of Portugal by Napoléon's armies in 1808, initiated major changes.
The Empire and the Republic
As soon as Dom João VI and his entourage arrived in Rio, he began transforming the city and its environs. Building projects were set in motion, universities as well as a bank and a mint were founded, and investments were made in the arts. The ports were opened to trade with other nations, especially England, and morale improved throughout the territory. With the fall of Napoléon, Dom João VI returned to Portugal, leaving his young son, Pedro I, behind to govern. But Pedro had ideas of his own: he proclaimed Brazil's independence on September 7, 1822, and established the Brazilian empire. Nine years later, following a period of internal unrest and costly foreign wars, the emperor stepped aside in favor of his five-year-old son, Pedro II. A series of regents ruled until 1840, when the second Pedro was 14 and Parliament decreed him "of age."
Pedro II's daughter, Princess Isabel, officially ended slavery in 1888. Soon after, disgruntled landowners united with the military to finish with monarchy altogether, forcing the royal family back to Portugal and founding Brazil's first republican government on November 15, 1889. A long series of easily forgettable presidents, backed by strong coffee and rubber economies, brought about some industrial and urban development during what's known as the Old Republic. In 1930, after his running mate was assassinated, presidential candidate Getúlio Vargas seized power via a military coup rather than elections. In 1945 his dictatorship ended in another coup. He returned to the political scene with a populist platform and was elected president in 1951. However, halfway through his term, he was linked to the attempted assassination of a political rival; with the military calling for his resignation, he shot himself.
The next elected president, Juscelino Kubitschek, a visionary from Minas Gerais, decided to replace the capital of Rio de Janeiro with a grand, new, modern one (symbolic of grand, new, modern ideas) that would be built in the middle of nowhere. True to the motto of his national development plan, "Fifty years in five," he opened the economy to foreign capital and offered credit to the business community. When Brasília was inaugurated in 1960, there wasn't a penny left in the coffers, but key sectors of the economy (such as the auto industry) were functioning at full steam. Still, turbulent times were ahead. Kubitschek's successor Jânio Quadros, an eccentric, spirited carouser who had risen from high school teaching to politics, resigned after seven months in office. Vice-president João "Jango" Goulart, a Vargas man with leftist leanings, took office only to be overthrown by the military on March 31, 1964, after frustrated attempts to impose socialist reforms. Exiled in Uruguay, he died 13 years later.
Military Rule and Beyond
Humberto Castello Branco was the first of five generals (he was followed by Artur Costa e Silva, Emílio Médici, Ernesto Geisel, and João Figueiredo) to lead Brazil in 20 years of military rule that still haunt the nation. Surrounded by tanks and technocrats, the military brought about the "economic miracle" of the 1970s. However, it did not last. Their pharaonic projects -- from hydroelectric and nuclear power plants to the conquest of the Amazon -- never completely succeeded, and inflation soared. Power was to go peacefully back to civil hands in 1985.
All hopes were on the shoulders of Tancredo Neves, a 75-year-old democrat chosen to be president by an electoral college. But, just before his investiture, Neves was hospitalized for routine surgery; he died of a general infection days later. An astounded nation followed the drama on TV. Vice-president José Sarney, a former ally of the military regime, took office. By the end of his five-year term, inflation was completely out of hand. Sarney did, however, oversee the writing of a new constitution, promulgated in 1988, and Brazil's first free presidential elections in 30 years."
This first set of statistics are 6 years old and believe it or not things appear to be changing as immigration has increased dramatically in Brazil as mentioned earlier...
Image Source: wikimedia.org
Top 50 Non-Brazil countries or places of birth
Brazil (Brasil) 2012
1 Portugal 277,727
2 Japan 91,042
3 Italy (Italia) 73,126
4 Spain (España) 60,003
5 Bolivia, Plurinational State of 50,240
6 Argentine Republic (Argentina) 42,202
7 China, People's Republic of 35,955
8 Germany (Deutschland) 29,849
9 United States of America 27,973
10 Uruguay, Eastern Republic of 26,271
11 Chile 25,561
12 Korea, Republic of (South) 19,341
13 France 18,011
14 Paraguay (Paraguáype) 15,626
15 Perú 15,459
16 Lebanese Republic (Lebanon) 14,965
17 United Kingdom 9,506
18 Netherlands (Nederland) 7,332
19 Switzerland (Swiss Confederation) 6,724
20 Haïti 6,050
21 Colombia 5,916
22 Poland (Polska) 5,699
23 Austria (Österreich) 3,753
24 Romania (România) 3,535
25 Canada 3,212
26 México (Estados Unidos Mexicanos) 3,191
27 Belgium, Kingdom of 3,164
28 Angola 3,153
29 Syrian Arab Republic (Syria) 3,149
30 Serbia and Montenegro, former 3,053
31 Venezuela, Bolivarian Republic of 2,907
32 Greece (Hellenic Republic) 2,831
33 Lithuania (Lietuva) 2,588
34 Cuba 2,275
35 Sweden 2,042
36 Israel (Yisra'el) 1,796
37 Nigeria 1,743
38 Russian Federation (Russia) 1,704
39 India (Bhārat) 1,549
40 Jordan (Al Urdun) 1,528
41 Ecuador 1,523
42 Norway (Norge) 1,477
43 Hungary (Magyarország) 1,356
44 Denmark (Danmark) 1,283
45 Australia 1,172
46 Philippines (Pilipinas), Republic of the 874
47 Ireland, Republic of (Éire) 722
48 Finland (Suomi) 713
49 Ukraine 674
50 South Africa, Republic of 654
Total Foreign-born: 938,833
Total Population: 193,946,886
Source: oestrangeiro.org
Here are some examples...
Image Source: qph.fs.quoracdn.net
Top 50 newly registered Immigrants by foreign country *One thing that I think that these figures are missing are accurate numbers of Venezuelans migrating to the country especially in the north of Brazil.
Brasil 2015
1 Haiti 14,535 12.34%
2 Bolivia 8,407 7.14%
3 Colombia 7,653 6.50%
4 Argentina 6,147 5.22%
5 China, People's Republic 5,798 4.92%
6 Portugal 4,861 4.13%
7 Paraguay 4,841 4.11%
8 United States of America 4,747 4.03%
9 Uruguay 4,598 3.91%
10 Peru 4,403 3.74%
11 Italy 4,266 3.62%
12 France 3,536 3.00%
13 Spain 3,387 2.88%
14 Germany 2,773 2.36%
15 South Korea 2,731 2.32%
16 India 2,584 2.19%
17 Japan 2,388 2.03%
18 Cuba 2,088 1.77%
19 Philippines 1,876 1.59%
20 Mexico 1,745 1.48%
21 Chile 1,659 1.41%
22 Angola 1,464 1.24%
23 United Kingdom 1,461 1.24%
24 Ecuador 1,147 0.97%
25 Syria 993 0.84%
26 Netherlands 973 0.83%
27 Venezuela 909 0.77%
28 Bangladesh 878 0.75%
29 Poland 661 0.56%
30 Canada 590 0.50%
31 Russia 547 0.46%
32 Indonesia 525 0.45%
33 Nigeria 524 0.45%
34 Norway 476 0.40%
35 Lebanon 472 0.40%
36 Romania 470 0.40%
37 Switzerland 442 0.38%
38 Belgium 429 0.36%
39 Guinea Bissau 426 0.36%
40 Senegal 409 0.35%
41 Ukraine 395 0.34%
42 Denmark 388 0.33%
43 Congo, Democratic Republic 370 0.31%
44 Greece 329 0.28%
45 Mozambique 329 0.28%
46 Cabo Verde 327 0.28%
47 Sweden 311 0.26%
48 Australia 277 0.24%
49 Malaysia 263 0.22%
50 Dominican Republic 253 0.21%
Total country of origin: 117,745
Source: Polícia Federal
*How long will this increased immigration to Brazil last? It's hard to say as there are still a lot of challenges economically in the country but it will be interesting to see what the future holds.
Top 50 newly registered Immigrants by foreign country
Brasil 2016
1 Haiti 20,626 38.68%
2 Colombia 3,053 5.73%
3 Bolivia 2,207 4.14%
4 Argentina 1,856 3.48%
5 China, People's Republic of 1,791 3.36%
6 Uruguay 1,712 3.21%
7 Peru 1,455 2.73%
8 United States of America 1,411 2.65%
9 Paraguay 1,228 2.30%
10 France 1,210 2.27%
11 Portugal 1,143 2.14%
12 Italy 1,130 2.12%
13 Germany 914 1.71%
14 Japan 893 1.67%
15 Spain 848 1.59%
16 Cuba 809 1.52%
17 India 808 1.52%
18 South Korea 741 1.39%
19 Chile 625 1.17%
20 Mexico 582 1.09%
21 Philippines 530 0.99%
22 United Kingdom 480 0.90%
23 Angola 465 0.87%
24 Ecuador 417 0.78%
25 Venezuela 345 0.65%
26 Syria 306 0.57%
27 Netherlands 293 0.55%
28 Ghana 267 0.50%
29 Romania 265 0.50%
30 Russia 228 0.43%
31 Canada 206 0.39%
32 Poland 195 0.37%
33 Senegal 190 0.36%
34 Nigeria 170 0.32%
35 Guinea Bissau 158 0.30%
36 Switzerland 148 0.28%
37 Norway 145 0.27%
38 Pakistan 137 0.26%
39 Ukraine 137 0.26%
40 Denmark 129 0.24%
41 Mozambique 127 0.24%
42 Greece 127 0.24%
43 Cabo Verde 123 0.23%
44 Congo, Democratic Republic 119 0.22%
45 Finland 118 0.22%
46 Lebanon 109 0.20%
47 Australia 108 0.20%
48 Sweden 105 0.20%
49 Belgium 105 0.20%
50 Dominican Republic 100 0.19%
Total country of origin: 53,320
Source: Polícia Federal
Top 5 countries for refugees settling in Brazil in 2017
Brasil 2017
1 Venezuela 17,865
2 Cuba 2,373
3 Haiti 2,362
4 Angola 2,036
5 China 1,462
Total Refugees: 33,865
Source: Ministério da Justiça
Before we leave -- here are some statistics about Brazil's first peoples!
Image Source: wikimedia.org
Brasil 2010
1 Tupi 156,073
2 Macro-Jê 129,431
3 Aruak/Arawak 76,094
4 Tikúna 46,045
5 Carib/Karib 43,005
6 Yanomamí 25,084
7 Potiguara 20,554
8 Pano 19,414
9 Tukano 13,509
10 Múra 13,219
11 Xucuru 12,471
12 Pankararú 11,366
13 Arawá 8,634
14 Atikum 7,499
15 Tupiniquim 6,646
16 Tupinambá 5,851
17 Katukina 5,276
18 Truká 4,392
19 Txapakúra 3,880
20 Kambiwá 3,688
21 Pitaguari 3,413
22 Botocudo 3,159
23 Kiriri 3,079
24 Tremembé 2,974
25 Tapeba 2,687
26 Makú (Nadahup) 2,605
27 Tabajara 2,527
28 Nambikwára 2,237
29 Wassú 2,140
30 Xucuru - Kariri 2,122
Total Indigenous (Indian) Brazilian Population: 896,917
Source: Brazil Census 2010
This concludes our journey for tonight...kick back for a bit and enjoy some Caipirinhas and Samba...brief stops in South Africa, Denmark and Argentina are right around the corner. So stay tuned!
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*edited: corrected skyline photo
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